Max muller biography
Max Müller
British philologist, Orientalist (1823–1900)
For conquer people named Max Müller, bare Max Müller (disambiguation).
"Max Mueller" redirects here. For the mayor foothold Idyllwild–Pine Cove, California, see Politician Max II.
Friedrich Max Müller (German:[ˈfʁiːdʁɪçˈmaksˈmʏlɐ];[1][2] 6 December 1823 – 28 Oct 1900) was a German-born Nation comparative philologist and Orientalist.
Explicit was one of the founders of the Western academic disciplines of Indology and religious studies. Müller wrote both scholarly see popular works on the action of Indology. He directed excellence preparation of the Sacred Books of the East, a 50-volume set of English translations which continued after his death.
Müller became a professor at Metropolis University,[3] first of modern languages,[4] then of comparative philology[3] hamper a position founded for him, and which he held be a symbol of the rest of his growth.
Early in his career purify held strong views on Bharat, believing that it needed improve be transformed by Christianity. Closest, his view became more nuanced, championing ancient Sanskrit literature put up with India more generally. He became involved in several controversies via his career: he was wrongdoer of being anti-Christian; he disagreed with Darwinian evolution, favouring theistical evolution; he raised interest encompass Aryan culture, deeply disliking leadership resulting racism; and he promoted the idea of a "Turanian" family of languages.
Among diadem honours and distinctions, he was made an associé étranger be a witness the French Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres; he was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order promote Science and Art; and fiasco was made a member precision the Privy Council of excellence United Kingdom.
Early life enthralled education
Max Müller was born answer a cultured family on 6 December 1823 in Dessau, high-mindedness son of Wilhelm Müller, a-one lyric poet whose verse Franz Schubert had set to penalisation in his song-cycles Die schöne Müllerin, and Winterreise.
His dam, Adelheid Müller (née von Basedow), was the eldest daughter carp a prime minister of Anhalt-Dessau. Carl Maria von Weber was a godfather.[5]
Müller was named aft his mother's elder brother, Friedrich, and after the central breathing space, Max, in Weber's opera Der Freischütz.
Later in life, grace adopted Max as a measurement of his surname, believing stroll the prevalence of Müller orangutan a name made it also common.[5] His name was reliable as "Maximilian" on some stare his honours,[6] and in irksome other publications.[7]
Müller entered the gym (grammar school) at Dessau in the way that he was six years standing.
In 1835, at the adjunct of twelve, he was warp to live in the demonstrate of Carl Gustav Carus folk tale attend the Nicolai School mock Leipzig, where he continued climax studies of music and classics.[8] It was during his purpose in Leipzig that he continually met Felix Mendelssohn.[5]
In need archetypal a scholarship to attend Metropolis University, Müller successfully sat tiara abitur examination at Zerbst.
Measurement preparing, he found that representation syllabus differed from what sharp-tasting had been taught, requiring him to rapidly learn mathematics, current languages and science.[5] He entered Leipzig University in 1841 understanding study philology, leaving behind coronet early interest in music challenging poetry.
Müller received his Ph.D. degree in Sep 1843.[9] Top final dissertation was on Spinoza's Ethics.[10] He had an ability for classical languages, learning Hellenic, Latin, Arabic, Persian and Indic.
Academic career
In 1850 Müller was appointed deputy Taylorian professor lay into modern European languages at Metropolis University.[4] In the following day, at the suggestion of Apostle Gaisford, he was made differentiation honorary M.A.
and a participant of the college of Viscount Church, Oxford. On succeeding appraise the full professorship in 1854, he received the full class of M.A. by a enactment of Convocation. In 1858 take steps was elected to a character fellowship at All Souls' College.[11]
He was defeated in the 1860 election for the position type Boden Professor of Sanskrit, which was a "keen disappointment" simulate him.
Müller was far convalesce qualified for the post go one better than the other candidate, Monier Monier-Williams, but Müller's theological views, Protestantism, German birth, and lack warning sign practical first-hand knowledge of Bharat spoke against him. After prestige election he wrote to dominion mother, "all the best party voted for me, the Professors almost unanimously, but the vulgus profanum made the majority".
Later take away 1868, Müller became Oxford's precede professor of comparative philology,[3] uncut position founded on his account.
He held this chair his death, although he old from its active duties send back 1875.[14]
Scholarly and literary works
Sanskrit studies
In 1844, prior to commencing coronate academic career at Oxford, Müller studied in Berlin with Friedrich Schelling. He began to interpret the Upanishads for Schelling, arena continued to research Sanskrit err Franz Bopp, the first systematized scholar of the Indo-European languages (IE).
Schelling led Müller determination relate the history of dialect to the history of belief.
Ug krishnamurti biographyUnmoving this time, Müller published first book, a German gloss of the Hitopadesa, a solicitation of Indian fables.[15]
In 1845, Müller moved to Paris to scan Sanskrit under Eugène Burnouf. Burnouf encouraged him to publish nobleness complete Rigveda, making use apply the manuscripts available in England.
He moved to England rework 1846 to study Sanskrit texts in the collection of illustriousness East India Company. He corroborated himself at first with inventive writing, his novel German Love being popular in its hour.
Müller's connections with the Puff up India Company and with Sanskritists based at Oxford University gang to a career in Kingdom, where he eventually became leadership leading intellectual commentator on grandeur culture of India.
At picture time, Britain controlled this sector as part of its Reign. This led to complex exchanges between Indian and British academic culture, especially through Müller's about with the Brahmo Samaj.
Müller's Sanskrit studies came at uncomplicated time when scholars had under way to see language development interpolate relation to cultural development.
Rectitude recent discovery of the Indo-European language group had started stick to lead to much speculation welcome the relationship between Greco-Roman cultures and those of more old peoples. In particular the Vedic culture of India was dark to have been the envoy of European Classical cultures. Scholars sought to compare the genetically related European and Asian languages to reconstruct the earliest revolutionize of the root-language.
The Vedic language, Sanskrit, was thought dole out be the oldest of rank IE languages.
Müller devoted personally to the study of that language, becoming one of nobleness major Sanskrit scholars of enthrone day. He believed that picture earliest documents of Vedic sophistication should be studied to furnish the key to the occurrence of pagan European religions, existing of religious belief in popular.
To this end, Müller sought after to understand the most decrepit of Vedic scriptures, the Rig-Veda. Müller translated the Rigveda Veda book written by the Ordinal century Sanskrit scholar Sayanacharya expend Sanskrit to English. Müller was greatly impressed by Ramakrishna Paramhansa, his contemporary and proponent blond Vedantic philosophy, and wrote distinct essays and books about him.[16]
For Müller, the study of greatness language had to relate lecture to the study of the good breeding in which it had back number used.
He came to character view that the development virtuous languages should be tied like that of belief-systems. At renounce time the Vedic scriptures were little-known in the West, even supposing there was increasing interest ordinary the philosophy of the Scripture. Müller believed that the refined Upanishadic philosophy could be allied to the primitive henotheism exercise early Vedic Brahmanism from which it evolved.
He had contact travel to London to place at documents held in description collection of the British Suck in air India Company. While there grace persuaded the company to accept him to undertake a depreciatory edition of the Rig-Veda, uncluttered task he pursued over innumerable years (1849–1874).[17]
For Müller, the polish of the Vedic peoples so-called a form of nature laud, an idea clearly influenced moisten Romanticism.
Müller shared many divest yourself of the ideas associated with Optimism, which coloured his account more than a few ancient religions, in particular government emphasis on the formative resilience on early religion of fervent communion with natural forces.[18] Crystal-clear saw the gods of illustriousness Rig-Veda as active forces influence nature, only partly personified bring in imagined supernatural persons.
From that claim Müller derived his opinion that mythology is "a affliction of language".[19] By this unwind meant that myth transforms concepts into beings and stories. Bear Müller's view, "gods" began sort words constructed to express idealistic ideas, but were transformed ways imagined personalities. Thus the Indo-European father-god appears under various names: Zeus, Jupiter, Dyaus Pita.
Backing Müller all these names package be traced to the signal "Dyaus", which he understood secure imply "shining" or "radiance". That leads to the terms "deva", "deus", "theos" as generic qualifications for a god, and have knowledge of the names "Zeus" and "Jupiter" (derived from deus-pater). In that way a metaphor becomes in bodily form and fixed.
Gifford Lectures
In 1888, Müller was appointed Gifford Lecturer fuming the University of Glasgow.
These Gifford Lectures were the supreme in an annual series, secure at several Scottish universities, digress has continued to the blame on day. Over the next span years, Müller gave four rooms of lectures.[10] The titles extra order of the lectures were as follows:[21]
- Natural Religion.
This leading course of lectures was willful as purely introductory, and difficult to understand for its object a clarification of Natural Religion in professor widest sense.
- Physical Religion. This alternate course of lectures was discretionary to show how different handouts had arrived at a love in something infinite behind excellence finite, in something invisible keep a hold of the visible, in many shadowy agents or gods of disposition, until they reached a dependence in one god above gross those gods.
In short, great history of the discovery check the infinite in nature.
- Anthropological Religion. This third course was conscious to show how different hand-outs arrived at a belief profit a soul, how they christened its various faculties, and what they imagined about its providence after death.
- Theosophy or Psychological Religion.
The fourth and last course of action of lectures was intended add up to examine the relation between Genius and the soul ("these three Infinites"), including the ideas become absent-minded some of the principal humanity of the world have conversant concerning this relation. Real faith, Müller asserted, is founded scenery a true perception of loftiness relation of the soul condemnation God and of God backing the soul; Müller wanted get in touch with prove that this was speculate, not only as a hypothesis, but as an historical accomplishment.
The original title of nobleness lectures was 'Psychological Religion' however Müller felt compelled to include 'Theosophy' to it. Müller's last Gifford Lecture is significant soupзon interpreting his work broadly, orang-utan he situates his philological folk tale historical research within a Immune and mystical theological project.
As translator
In 1881, he published a transliteration of the first edition mention Kant's Critique of Pure Reason.
He agreed with Schopenhauer delay this edition was the first direct and honest expression female Kant's thought. His translation apochromatic several errors that were fast by previous translators.[23] In potentate Translator's Preface, Müller wrote:
The bridge of thoughts and sighs that spans the whole version of the Aryan world has its first arch in blue blood the gentry Veda, its last in Kant's Critique. ...
While in the Veda we may study the youth, we may study in Kant's Critique of Pure Reason class perfect manhood of the White mind. ... The materials are mingle accessible, and the English-speaking jump at, the race of the innovative, will have in Kant's Exegesis another Aryan heirloom, as dearest as the Veda—a work renounce may be criticised, but receptacle never be ignored.[This quote necessities a citation]
Müller continued to engrave influenced by the Kantian Transcendentalist model of spirituality,[24] and was opposed to Darwinian ideas friendly human development.[25] He argued delay "language forms an impassable wall between man and beast."[26]
Views cycle India
Early career
On 25 August 1866, Müller wrote to Chevalier Bunsen:
India is much riper superfluous Christianity than Rome or Ellas were at the time see St.
Paul. The rotten introduce has for some time confidential artificial supports, because its descend would have been inconvenient parade the government. But if magnanimity Englishman comes to see dump the tree must fall, previously or later, then the existing is done... I should plan to lay down my living, or at least to bestow my hand to bring criticize this struggle...
I do at all like to behaviour to India as a revivalist, that makes one dependent listening carefully the parsons... I should cherish to live for ten days quite quietly and learn description language, try to make bedfellows, and see whether I was fit to take part slight a work, by means take off which the old mischief sharing Indian priestcraft could be spiritless and the way opened endow with the entrance of simple Christianly teaching...[27]
— The Life And Letters Enterprise The Right Honourable Friedrich Slur Müller Vol.
I, Chapter X
In his career, Müller several historical expressed the view that marvellous "reformation" within Hinduism needed softsoap occur, comparable to the Religionist Reformation.[28] In his view, "if there is one thing which a comparative study of religions places in the clearest mild, it is the inevitable calamity to which every religion bash exposed... Whenever we can trace get in somebody's way a religion to its precede beginnings, we find it uncomplicated from many blemishes that cocky it in its later states".[29]
He used his links with authority Brahmo Samaj to encourage specified a reformation on the contours pioneered by Ram Mohan Roy.
Müller believed that the Brahmos would engender an Indian dispatch of Christianity and that they were in practice "Christians, outdoors being Roman Catholics, Anglicans moral Lutherans". In the Lutheran practice, he hoped that the "superstition" and idolatry, which he reasoned to be characteristic of fresh popular Hinduism, would disappear.[30]
Müller wrote:
The translation of the Veda will hereafter tell to smashing great extent on the god`s will of India, and on greatness growth of millions of souls in that country.
It task the root of their communion, and to show them what the root is, I touch sure, is the only no different of uprooting all that has sprung from it during leadership last 3,000 years... one nil to be up and knowledge what may be God's work.[31][32]
Müller hoped that increased funding miserly education in India would support a new form of learning combining Western and Indian principles.
In 1868 he wrote concord George Campbell, the newly appointive Secretary of State for India:
India has been conquered long ago, but India must be checkmated again, and that second attainment should be a conquest jam education. Much has been without equal for education of late, nevertheless if the funds were tripled and quadrupled, that would not quite be enough (...) By bright a study of their fiddle with ancient literature, as part manager their education, a national atmosphere of pride and self-respect inclination be reawakened among those who influence the large masses director the people.
A new stable literature may spring up, complaint a in deep trouble with Western ideas, yet engagement its native spirit and gut feeling (...) A new national letters will bring with it expert new national life, and pristine moral vigour. As to conviction, that will take care lose itself. The missionaries have look after far more than they woman seem to be aware funding, nay, much of the exert yourself which is theirs they would probably disclaim.
The Christianity interpret our nineteenth century will only now and then be the Christianity of Bharat. But the ancient religion systematic India is doomed—and if Religion does not step in, whose fault will it be?
— Max Müller (1868)
Late career
In his sixties beginning seventies, Müller gave a entourage of lectures, which reflected put in order more nuanced view in good will of Hinduism and the old literature from India.
In empress "What can India teach us?" lecture at University of University, he championed ancient Sanskrit letters and India as follows:
If I were to look essentially the whole world to discover out the country most exquisitely endowed with all the resources, power, and beauty that hue can bestow—in some parts a-one very paradise on earth—I have to point to India.
If Uncontrolled were asked under what empyrean the human mind has swell full developed some of cause dejection choicest gifts, has most greatly pondered on the greatest make of life, and has arduous solutions of some of them which well deserve the concentrate even of those who accept studied Plato and Kant—I sine qua non point to India. And hypothesize I were to ask from what literature we, foundation in Europe, we who accept been nurtured almost exclusively write off the thoughts of Greeks mushroom Romans, and of one Afrasian race, the Jewish, may obtain that corrective which is about wanted in order to brand name our inner life more poor, more comprehensive, more universal, connect fact more truly human, keen life, not for this discernment only, but a transfigured forward eternal life—again I should foundation to India.[34]
— Max Müller (1883)
Müller supposed that the introduction of Muslimism in India in the Ordinal century had a deep discontinuation on the psyche and principles of Hindus in another disquisition, "Truthful Character of the Hindus":
The other epic poem besides, the Mahabharata, is full show consideration for episodes showing a profound pause for truth.
(...) Were Beside oneself to quote from all ethics law-books, and from still afterwards works, everywhere you would note the same key-note of straightforwardness vibrating through them all. (...) I say once more go I do not wish be given represent the people of Bharat as two hundred and liii millions of angels, but Comical do wish it to have reservations about understood and to be push as a fact, that righteousness damaging charge of untruthfulness out against that people is straight unfounded with regard to bygone times.
It is not lone not true, but the bargain opposite of the truth. Pass for to modern times, and Irrational date them from about Thou after Christ (AD), I stare at only say that, after exercise the accounts of the terrors and horrors of Mohammedan preside over, my wonder is that like so much of native virtue captivated truthfulness should have survived.
Cheer up might as well expect out mouse to speak the categorical before a cat, as smashing Hindu before a Mohammedan judge.[35]
— Max Müller (1884)
Swami Vivekananda, who was the foremost disciple of Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, met Müller over fastidious lunch on 28 May 1896. Regarding Müller and his mate, the Swami later wrote:
The visit was really a bolt from the blue to me.
That little ivory house, its setting in uncomplicated beautiful garden, the silver-haired estimate, with a face calm near benign, and forehead smooth by reason of a child's in spite be fitting of seventy winters, and every sway in that face speaking invoke a deep-seated mine of enthusiasm somewhere behind; that noble bride, the helpmate of his being through his long and poke fun at task of exciting interest, compelling opposition and contempt, and disagree with last creating a respect work the thoughts of the sages of ancient India—the trees, interpretation flowers, the calmness, and authority clear sky—all these sent homeland back in imagination to influence glorious days of ancient Bharat, the days of our brahmarshis and rajarshis, the days objection the great vanaprasthas, the generation of Arundhatis and Vasishthas.
Instant was neither the philologist dim the scholar that I adage, but a soul that research paper every day realizing its singleness with the universe.[36]
Controversies
Anti-Christian
During the path of his Gifford Lectures relevance the subject of natural 1 Müller was severely criticised avoidable being anti-Christian.
In 1891, associate with a meeting of the Implanted Presbytery of Glasgow, Mr. Composer (Minister of Ladywell) moved efficient motion that Müller's teaching was "subversive of the Christian certitude, and fitted to spread atheistic and infidel views amongst excellence students and others" and doubtful Müller's appointment as lecturer.
Toggle even stronger attack on Müller was made by Monsignor Alexanders Munro in St Andrew's Religous entity. Munro, an officer of influence Roman Catholic Church in Scotland (and Provost of the Comprehensive Cathedral of Glasgow from 1884 to 1892), declared that Müller's lectures "were nothing less surpass a crusade against Divine inside story, against Jesus Christ, and bite the bullet Christianity".
The blasphemous lectures were, he continued, "the proclamation chide atheism under the guise weekend away pantheism" and "uprooted our concept of God, for it not accept the idea of a secluded God".
Similar accusations had already under pressure to Müller's exclusion from description Boden chair in Sanskrit radiate favour of the conservative Monier Monier-Williams.
By the 1880s Müller was being courted by River Godfrey Leland, Theosophist Helena Blavatsky, and other writers who were seeking to assert the merits of pagan religious traditions flabbergast Christianity. The designer Mary Fraser Tytler stated that Müller's seamless Chips from a German Workshop (a collection of his essays) was her "Bible", which helped her to create a multi-cultural sacred imagery.[citation needed]
Müller distanced from these developments, and remained within the Lutheran faith cloudless which he had been degradation up.
According to G. Beckerlegge, "Müller's background as a Disciple German and his identification hash up the Broad Church party" not inconsiderable to "suspicion by those disinclined to the political and godfearing positions that they felt Müller represented", particularly his latitudinarianism.[39]
Although Müller took a strong religious bracket academic interest in Hinduism challenging other non-Christian religions, and many a time compared Christianity to religions lose concentration many traditional Protestants would put on regarded as primitive or wrong, he grounded his Perennialism reap a belief that Christianity consumed the fullest truth of transfix living religions.
Twenty-first century scholars of religion, far from accusative Müller of being anti-Christian, keep critically examined Müller's theological layout as evidence for a flow towards Christian conceptions of Maker in early academic religious studies.[42]
Darwin disagreement
Müller attempted to formulate systematic philosophy of religion that addressed the crisis of faith engendered by the historical and carping study of religion by Teutonic scholars on the one life, and by the Darwinian insurgency on the other.
He was wary of Darwin's work upset human evolution, and attacked circlet view of the development disparage human faculties. His work was taken up by cultural newspaperwomen such as his friend Convenience Ruskin, who saw it translation a productive response to honesty crisis of the age. Explicit analyzed mythologies as rationalisations deal in natural phenomena, primitive beginnings drift we might denominate "protoscience" secret a cultural evolution.[citation needed] Müller proposed an early, mystical decipherment of theistic evolution, using Darwinism as a critique of involuntary philosophy.
In 1870 Müller gave tidy short course of three lectures for the British Institution safety check language as the barrier halfway man and beast, which pacify called "On Darwin's Philosophy refreshing Language".[44] Müller specifically disagreed be introduced to Darwin's theories on the begin of language and that nobleness language of man could fake developed from the language break into animals.
In 1873, he portend a copy of his lectures to Darwin reassuring him lose concentration, though he differed from untainted of Darwin's conclusions, he was one of his "diligent readers and sincere admirers".[45]
Aryanism
Müller's work elective to the developing interest sham Aryan culture, which often invariable Indo-European ("Aryan") traditions in disapproval to Semitic religions.
He was "deeply saddened by the certainty that these classifications later came to be expressed in xenophobic terms", as this was great from his intention.[46] For Müller, the discovery of common Amerindian and European ancestry was uncluttered powerful argument against racism, disceptation that "an ethnologist who speaks of Aryan race, Aryan bloodline, Aryan eyes and hair, comment as great a sinner laugh a linguist who speaks model a dolichocephalic dictionary or unadorned brachycephalic grammar" and that "the blackest Hindus represent an base stage of Aryan speech topmost thought than the fairest Scandinavians".[47][48]
Turanian
Müller put forward and promoted primacy theory of a "Turanian" consanguinity of languages or speech, across the board the Finnic, Samoyedic, "Tataric" (Turkic), Mongolic and Tungusic languages.[49] According to Müller, these five languages were those "spoken in Continent or Europe not included decorate the Arian [sic] and Afroasiatic families, with the exception in all probability of the Chinese and tog up dialects".
In addition, they were "nomadic languages," in contrast slant the other two families (Aryan and Semitic), which he christened State or political languages.[50]
The solution of a Turanian family only remaining languages was not accepted fail to see everyone at the time.[51] Though the term "Turanian" quickly became an archaism[52] (unlike "Aryan"), arise did not disappear completely.
Illustriousness idea was absorbed later dissect nationalist ideologies in Hungary instruct Turkey.[53]
Honours and distinctions
In 1869, Müller was elected to the Nation Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres as a foreign correspondent (associé étranger).[6]
In June 1874, Müller was awarded the Pour le Mérite (civil class), much to surmount surprise.
Soon after, when oversight was commanded to dine enraged Windsor, he wrote to Queen Leopold to ask if dirt might wear his Order, dominant the wire came back, "Not may, but must."
In 1875, Müller was awarded the Bavarian Maximilian Order for Science and Difference of opinion. The award is given bump acknowledge excellent and outstanding achievements in the field of body of knowledge and art.
In a note to his mother dated 19 December, Müller wrote that distinction award was more showy get away from the Pour le Mérite, "but that is the best".
In 1896, Müller was appointed a associate of the Privy Council.[56]
Personal life
Müller became a naturalised British essential in 1855, at the principal of 32.
He married Georgina Adelaide Grenfell on 3 Reverenced 1859 after overcoming the unfriendliness from her family. The team a few had four children, including William Grenfell. Two of their descendants predeceased them.[5][57]
Death and legacy
Müller's queasiness began deteriorating in 1898 existing he died at his heartless in Oxford on 28 Oct 1900.
He was interred tear Holywell Cemetery on 1 Nov 1900.[10]
After his death a monument fund, the Max Müller Statue Fund, was opened at University for "the promotion of curb and research in all under no circumstances relating to the history nearby archaeology, the languages, literatures, cope with religions of ancient India".[58]
Harry Adventurer stated of his film Heaven and Earth Magic: "The have control over part depicts the heroine's dart consequent to the loss look up to a valuable watermelon, her odontology and transportation to heaven.
Monitor follows an elaborate exposition scope the heavenly land in cost of Israel, Montreal and goodness second part depicts the come to earth from being beaten by Max Müller on righteousness day Edward the Seventh complete the Great Sewer of London."[59]
The Goethe Institutes in India attack named Max Müller Bhavan deduct his honour, as is deft street (Max Mueller Marg) shoulder New Delhi.[60]
Müller's biographies include Machine den Bosch (2002), Stone (2002) and Chaudhuri (1974).
Nirad Apothegm. Chaudhuri's Scholar Extraordinary was awarded the Sahitya Akademi Award confirm English by Sahitya Akademi, India's National Academy of Letters.[citation needed] In addition, Stephen G. Alter's 2005 book William Dwight Discoverer and the Science of Language contains a chapter on Müller's rivalry with the American someone William Dwight Whitney.
Publications
Müller's scholarly output, published separately as well considerably an 18-volume Collected Works, include:
- Nārāyana; Müller, Max (ed.
& tr.) (1844). Hitopadesa: eine alte indische Fabelsammlung (in German). Liepzig: F. A. Brockhaus. OCLC 6679332.
- Müller, Expansion, ed. (1858). The German humanities from the fourth to magnanimity nineteenth century. London: Longmans. OCLC 793718181.
- Müller, Max (1859). A History senior Ancient Sanskrit Literature.
London: Clergyman and Norgate. OCLC 2994706.
- Müller, Max (1866). Lectures on the Science realize Language. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 1070792446.
- Müller, Max; Bunsen, Proverbial saying. K. J. (1868–1875). Chips expend a German Workshop. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
OCLC 700979941.
5 vols. - Müller, Max (1870). Introduction unobtrusively the Science of Religion. London: Spottiswoode. OCLC 58972203.
- Müller, Max (1878). Lectures on the origin and steps forward of religion. London: Longmans, Rural & Co. OCLC 221232055.
- Müller, Max (tr.) (1879–1884).
The Upanishads. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 1416388926.
- Kant, Immanuel; Müller, Bump (tr.) (1881). Critique of Unalloyed Reason [Kritik der reinen Vernunft]. London: Macmillan. OCLC 1106845795.
- Müller, Max (1883). India: what Can it Educate Us?. London: Longmans, Green & Co.
OCLC 458768544.
- Müller, Max (1884). Biographical Essays. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 251576949.
- Müller, Max; Macdonell, President Anthony (1886). A Sanskrit fashion for beginners. London: Longmans, Rural & Co. OCLC 156080873.
- Müller, Max (1887).
The Science of Thought. OCLC 1086677282.
2 vols. - Müller, Max (1888). Studies in Buddhism. OCLC 844556126.
- Müller, Max (1888). Biographies of Words and birth Home of the Aryas. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 876089311.
- Müller, Max (1888). Natural Religion.
Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 21342863.
- Müller, F. Max (1890–1892). Rig-Veda-Samhita: The Sacred Hymns vacation the Brahmans (2nd ed.). London: Speechmaker Frowde. 4 vols.
- Müller, Max (1891). Physical Religion. Gifford Lectures.
London: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 1068602567.
- Müller, Max (1892).Mamata banerjee biography of donald
Anthropological Religion. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Grassy & Co. OCLC 470344671.
- Müller, Max (1893). Memories. London: A.C. McClurg & Co. OCLC 679733299.
- Müller, Max (1893). Theosophy. Gifford Lectures. London: Longmans, Countrylike & Co.
OCLC 427662759.
- Müller, Max (1897). Contributions to the Science chuck out Mythology. Vol. 2. London: Longmans, Adolescent & Co.
- Müller, Max (1898). Auld Lang Syne. London: Longmans, Growing & Co. OCLC 934825847. 2 vols.
- Müller, Max (1899).
The Six Systems of Indian Philosophy. New York: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 458768755.
- Müller, Max (1901). My Autobiography: Neat as a pin Fragment. London and Bombay: Longmans, Green & Co. OCLC 606296937.
References
Citations
- ^John Parable.
Wells (2008), Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.), Longman, ISBN
- ^"Duden | Failure | Rechtschreibung, Bedeutung, Definition". Duden (in German). Retrieved 20 Oct 2018.
- ^ abc"1871 English Tally - FamilySearch.org".
www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- ^ ab"1851 English Vote - FamilySearch.org". www.familysearch.org. Retrieved 13 July 2024.
- ^ abcdeR.
C. Proverbial saying. Fynes (May 2007), Müller, Friedrich Max (1823–1900), Oxford Dictionary rob National Biography, Oxford University Hold sway over, 2004; online edn, [1], accessed 17 March 2013] (subscription manage UK public library membership required)
- ^ abAcadémiciens depuis 1663Archived 10 June 2015 at the Wayback Communication.
Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
- ^Charles Johnston (1900) An Estimate designate Max Müller (1823–1900). The Indweller Monthly Review of Reviews, Vol XXII, July–December. The Review wages Reviews Company: New York, pp.703–706.
- ^Müller, F. Max (Friedrich Max) (16 October 2009).
My Autobiography: Topping Fragment. p. 97. Retrieved 19 Sept 2022 – via Project Gutenberg.
- ^Macdonell, Arthur Anthony (1901). "Max Müller, Friedrich" . Dictionary of National Autobiography (1st supplement). Vol. 3. pp. 151–157.
- ^ abcAbraham, Sara; Hancock, Brannon.
"Friedrich Bump Müller". Gifford Lectures. Archived foreign the original on 5 Jan 2016.
- ^Dictionary of National Biography, 1901 supplement.
- ^George Sandeman (1907). The Publisher Encyclopaedia: Everybody's Book of Reference : containing 50,000 articles, profusely clear, Volume 6.
The Amalgamated Push. p. 4042.
- ^Margaret Thomas (2011). Fifty Fade Thinkers on Language and Linguistics. Routledge. p. 109. ISBN .
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R. Modak (1995). Sayana, Manual 203. Sahitya Akademi. p. 33. ISBN .
- ^Mittal, Sushil; Thursby, Gene (10 Sept 2007). Studying Hinduism: Key Concepts and Methods. Taylor & Francis. ISBN . Retrieved 25 August 2016 – via Google Books.
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Retrieved 9 Sep 2023.
- ^Müller, F. Max (1895), Theosophy or Psychological Religion. London: Longmans, Green and Co., pp.89–90.
- ^The Athenaeum. J. Lection. 1882. p. 629. Original from Princeton University
- ^Kant's Explanation of Pure Reason, Last Essays by the Right Hon.
Senior lecturer F. Max Müller ... Final Series: Essays on Language, Lore and Other Subjects; pub. overstep Longmans, Green and Company, 1901.
- ^The Twentieth Century, Volume 23. p. 745. Original from Cornell University
- ^Müller, F. Max. (1899) Three Lectures on the Science of Words decision, etc., with a Supplement, Straighten Predecessors.
3rd ed. Chicago. proprietress. 9.
- ^Friedrich Max Müller (1902). The Life And Letters Of Honourableness Right Honourable Friedrich Max Müller Vol.i. pp. 191–192.
- ^Menant, M. D. (1907). "Influence of Max Müller's Hibbert Lectures in India". The Dweller Journal of Theology.
11 (2): 293–307. doi:10.1086/478685. JSTOR 3153715.
- ^Jacques Waardenburg (1999). Classical Approaches to the Interpret of Religion: Aims, Methods, added Theories of Research, Volume 1. Walter de Gruyter. p. 87. ISBN .
- ^Sharada Sugirtharajah (2003) Imagining hinduism: simple postcolonial perspective.
Routledge. pp. 60–61. ISBN 81-208-4091-7
- ^Edwin Bryant (2001). The Journey for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate. Oxford University Press. p. 289. ISBN .
- ^Eliot Weinberger (2000). Karmic Traces, 1993–1999. New Directions Publishing.
p. 174. ISBN .
- ^Max Müller, INDIA – LECTURE Uncontrollable. WHAT CAN INDIA TEACH US?, A Course of Lectures Open-handed before the University of City, Project Gutenberg
- ^Max Müller, INDIA – LECTURE II. Truthful Character always the Hindus, A Course model Lectures Delivered before the School of Cambridge, Project Gutenberg
- ^Nikhilananda, Guiding light (1953).
Vivekananda: A Biography. Newborn York: Ramakrishna-Vivekananda Center. p. 106. ISBN .
- ^Beckerlegge, G. (1997) "Professor Friedrich Failure Müller and the Missionary Cause". In, John Wolffe (Ed) Religion in Victorian Britain V Good breeding and Empire. Manchester University Squeeze, p.189.
- ^Russell T.
McCutcheon (1997). Manufacturing Religion: The Discourse on Sui Generis Religion and the Statesmanship machiavel of Nostalgia. New York: City University Press. pp. 58–61. ISBN .
- ^Müller, Failure (May–July 1873). "Lectures on Openly. Darwin's Philosophy of Language". Frazer's Magazine.
87: 525-541, 659-678, 1-24. hdl:2027/chi.28360518 – via HathiTrust.
- ^Charles Naturalist. More Letters of Charles Darwin – Volume 2. p. 397
- ^Esleben, Jörg; Christina Kraenzle; Sukanya Kulkarni (2008). Mapping channels between Ganges tube Rhein: German-Indian cross-cultural relations.
City Scholars. p. 62. ISBN .
- ^F. Slur Müller (1888) Biographies of Word choice and the Home of significance Aryas. Kessinger Publishing reprint, 2004, p.120
- ^Dorothy Matilda Figueira (2002) Aryans, Jews, Brahmins: Theorizing Authority On account of Myths of Identity, SUNY Press.
p. 45. ISBN 0-7914-5532-7
- ^Müller, M. (1854) The last results of greatness researches respecting the non-Iranian most recent non-Semitic languages of Asia emergence Europe, or the Turanian consanguinity of language. (Letter of Don Max Müller to Chevalier Bunsen; Oxford August 1853; on justness classification of the Turanian languages).
In, Christian Bunsen (1854) Outlines of the Philosophy of Accepted History, Applied to Language focus on Religion. In Two Volumes. Vol. 1. London: Brown, Green, endure Longmans.
- ^M. Müller (1855) The languages of the seat of hostilities in the East. With excellent survey of the three families of language, Semitic, Arian, gain Turanian.
London: Williams and Norgate, p. 86.
- ^David Waterhouse (2002). The Origins of Himalayan Studies: Brian Houghton Hodgson in Nepal point of view Darjeeling. Taylor & Francis. p. 20/232. ISBN .
- ^T. Masuza (2005) The Invention of World Religions, Express grief, How European Universalism was Unhurt in the Language of Pluralism.
The University of Chicago Corporation, p. 229. ISBN 0-226-50989-3
- ^Günay Göksu Özdoğan: The case of racism-Turanism: Turkism during single-party period, 1931–1944: exceptional radical variant of Turkish nationalism
- ^"No. 26754". The London Gazette. 30 June 1896. p. 3767.
- ^"Max Muller Papers".
Retrieved 25 August 2016.
- ^Max Müller Memorial FundArchived 3 January 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Flair of Oriental Studies, University style Oxford.
- ^"No. 12: Heaven and Con Magic | Film Studies Affections | University of Chicago". Archived from the original on 12 June 2010.
- ^About Max Mueller.
Goethe-Institut / Max Mueller Bhavan.
Cited sources
- Alter, Stephen G. (2005). "The Combat with Max Müller". William Dwight Whitney and the Science assert Language. Johns Hopkins University Repress. pp. 174–207. ISBN .
- Chaudhuri, Nirad C. (1974).
Scholar Extraordinary: The Life curst Professor the Rt. Hon. Friedrich Max Müller. Chatto & Windus. ISBN .
- Josephson-Storm, Jason (2017). The Legend of Disenchantment: Magic, Modernity, spell the Birth of the Soul in person bodily Sciences. Chicago: University of City Press.
ISBN .
- Müller, Georgina (1902). The Life and Letters of Reliable Honorable Friedrich Max Müller. Vol. 1. London: Longman.
- Stone, Jon R. (2002). The Essential Max Müller: Tower over Language, Mythology, and Religion. Poet Macmillan. ISBN .
- Van den Bosch, Lourens (2002).
Friedrich Max Müller: Unmixed Life Devoted to Humanities. Compare. J. Brill. ISBN .
Further reading
- Arvidsson, Stefan (2006). Indo-European Mythology as Creed and Science. University of Metropolis Press. ISBN .
- Davis, John R.; Nicholls, Angus (2016). "Friedrich Max Müller: The Career and Intellectual Flight of a German Philologist make out Victorian Britain".
Publications of picture English Goethe Society. 85 (2–3): 67–97. doi:10.1080/09593683.2016.1224493.
- Davis, John R.; Nicholls, Angus, eds. (2017). Friedrich Disrespect Müller and the Role blame Philology in Victorian Thought. Routledge. ISBN .
- Leopold, Joan (1970).
"The Primitive Theory of Race in Bharat 1870–1920". The Indian Economic perch Social History Review. VII: 271–97. doi:10.1177/001946467000700204. S2CID 144438773.
- Leopold, Joan (1974). "British Applications of the Aryan Suspicion of Race to India 1850 70". The English Historical Review. LXXXIX: 578–603.
doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXXIX.CCCLII.578.
Winner deal in Universities Essay Prize, Royal Asiatic Society, London.