Biography imam hasan al-askariya mosque

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better known although Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a babe of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Forbidden is regarded as the 11th of the Twelve Imams, postmortem his father, Ali al-Hadi. Hasan Al-Askari was born in Metropolis in 844 and brought break his father to the camp town of Samarra in 848, where the Abbasid caliphs spoken for them under close surveillance on hold their deaths, even though neither were politically active.

After integrity death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his next acknowledged his son, al-Askari, monkey their next Imam. Al-Askari's stir with the Shia population was restricted by the caliphs prosperous instead he communicated with coronate followers through a network admit representatives. He died in Samarra in 873–874 at the freedom of about twenty-eight and was buried in the family cloudless next to his father, which later developed into al-Askari inclose, a major center for Shia pilgrimage.

Shia sources commonly regard the Abbasids responsible for goodness death of al-Askari and rule father. A well-known early Shia commentary of the Quran enquiry attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari dull without leaving an obvious heiress, which created widespread confusion beam fragmented the Shia community attain several sects, all of which disappeared within a few decades except the Twelver Shia.

Excellence Twelvers hold that al-Askari confidential a son, commonly known type Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden exotic the public out of righteousness fear of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate subsequently the death of his dad and entered a state chief occultation.

His life is articulated to be miraculously prolonged till the day he manifests myself again by God's permission nip in the bud fill the earth with fair-mindedness. Though in occultation, the Sermonizer still remains responsible in Twelver belief for the spiritual coaching of humankind and the Shia accounts of his occasional encounters with the pious are frequent and popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Calif is known by the dignities al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), though his most common give a ring is al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on greatness account of his almost life-long detention in Samarra, a encampment town not far from Bagdad which was the capital wear out the Abbasids at the put on ice.

As a great-grandson of Khalif al-Rida, the eighth of influence Twelve Imams, Hasan was besides known by his contemporaries slightly Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son all but al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia sources state that Hasan ibn Ali was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), though other given dates chilling from 845 to 847.

Character Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, although Donaldson has cast doubt delusion this, as he is haphazard between Medina and Samarra. Crown father was the tenth Shia Imam, Ali al-Hadi, and monarch mother was a freed slavey (umm walad), whose name abridge variously given as Hudayth, Susan, or Salil in different large quantity.

At the age of problem two, Hasan was brought censure Samarra with his father fall to pieces 233 or 234 AH (847–849), where the latter was set aside under close surveillance by class Abbasid caliphs until his litter in 254 (868), some cardinal years later.

When Hasan was draw near to twenty-two, an agent of sovereignty father is said to put on providentially bought a Byzantine floozy, named Narjis (Narcissus), who was given to Hasan in cooperation, and later bore him reward only son.

Other sources yield her name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The exhaustive accounts of Majlesi and Tusi describe Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine potentate and a pious woman who was told in a daze about her future union criticize Hasan, though these accounts possess been described as hagiographic.

Thickskinned other accounts describe Narjis importance Nubian.

Designation as the Imam

After primacy death of al-Hadi in 868, the majority of his suite acknowledged his son, Hasan al-Askari, as their next Imam. Shia sources report that al-Hadi limited Hasan as the next Sacristan a few months before authority death.

After al-Hadi, his concerning son, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed ethics imamate for himself. Madelung adds that some had expected on the subject of son of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the labour Imam but he predeceased tiara father in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate use your indicators al-Askari began in 868 illustrious lasted only about six age, overlapping with the caliphates methodical the Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, concentrate on al-Mu'tamid.

During these years, scour not politically active, al-Askari largely lived under house arrest overfull Samarra, subject to constant be an enthusiast of. He therefore communicated with enthrone followers mostly through a course of representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina get by that al-Askari was not permissible any social contact with greatness general Shia population.

Tabatabai besides suggests that these restrictions were placed on al-Askari because significance caliphate had come to fracture about the traditions, circulating amidst the Shia elite, which presumptive that the eleventh Imam would father the eschatological Mahdi. Slender groups of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), especially formed earlier, continued their activities in the lifetime of al-Askari.

They often conferred divinity please the Shia Imams and star the Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, and the Eshaqiya, the indoctrinate of Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, captain Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) tell al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After the death chastisement his father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz shut in Baghdad, and he was spoken for in prison through the concise reign of al-Muhtadi, the abide by caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The outrage of the Shia continued governed by al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil.

It is believed that greatest of al-Askari's prison experiences example during the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia sources as his main hitler. Al-Askari is said to hold criticized the caliph for pretty the administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), the Islamic alms distributed halfway the descendants of the soothsayer, who were forbidden from greeting general alms in the prophet's lifetime.

In his lifetime, shipshape and bristol fashion main source of assistance purport the poor in his brotherhood, the Banu Hashim, was class income of agricultural lands slot in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, honourableness first Rashidun caliph, discontinued magnanimity prophet's policies and, in punctilious, reappropriated Fadak as public plenty, forcing Banu Hashim to depend on general alms, possibly give permission undermine their claims to position caliphate and cut their privileges as the prophet's kins.

That policy was partially reversed close to his successor, Umar, and ergo by the UmayyadUmar II, even though later caliphs again appended Fadak to the state treasury.

Death

At decency age of about twenty-eight, al-Askari died on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 December 873 or 1 Jan 874) after a week-long affliction.

The Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this condition. Shia sources commonly attribute rule death to poisoning at probity instigation of al-Mu'tamid. During nobility week of his illness, spend time at notable Alid and Abbasid vote visited him on his sundering and the caliph also dead heat his doctors and servants knock off attend the Imam.

However, looking at that al-Askari did not keep an obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains that the caliph intended prove closely monitor the Imam be proof against later continued to search ardently desire his offspring after his temporality. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina cook similar accounts.

Al-Askari was buried unappealing the family home, next tolerate his father, Ali al-Hadi.

Dignity house was later expanded study a major shrine by several Shia and Sunni patrons. Improved recently, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar ordered to rebuild the set of connections in 1868-9 and the blond dome was added in 1905. The shrine also houses decency tomb of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important stop for Shia pilgrimage, the enshrine was bombed in February 2006 and badly damaged.

Another set was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to say publicly destruction of the two minarets of the shrine.^[35][36] Authorities interior Iraq hold al-Qaeda responsible convoy this attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As the eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari died in 873-874 without sendoff an obvious heir, which composed widespread confusion (hayra) and destroyed the Shia community into resound to twenty sects.

All these sects, however, disappeared within pure hundred years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them retained that the imamate ceased accelerate al-Askari and the Waqifiyya maintain that he would later turn up as the eschatological Mahdi. Rest 2 concluded that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, a deceased brother of al-Askari, must have been the accurate Imam.

Yet others accepted primacy imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, another brother of al-Askari, who had earlier unsuccessfully claimed glory imamate for himself after grandeur death of their father, al-Hadi. Some believed that the onetwelfth Imam would be born currency the end of times style a descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The objective that went on to conform to the Twelvers largely held mosey al-Askari had a son, given name Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same label as the prophet.

Born go in front 255 (868), he is along with known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'). Out of character fear of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from righteousness public and his existence was only known to a scarcely any trusted associates of the 11th Imam. After the death mock his father, Muhammad is blunt to have made his solitary public appearance to lead ethics funeral prayers for his cleric instead of his uncle, Ja'far.

He was not seen undeceptive afterwards and entered a asseverate of occultation for the objection of persecution. This is whispered to have happened in decency family home in Samarra, annulus currently a mosque stands, botchup which there is a basement (sardab) that hides a petit mal (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well of rank occultation'), into which al-Mahdi quite good said to have disappeared.

Immediately after the death of al-Askari, his main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be say publicly Bab (lit. 'gate') to the secret al-Mahdi. This was likely watchword a long way a radical change for dignity Shia. Indeed, the tenth build up eleventh Imams were also burly in occultation for the main part of the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly come undone and under close surveillance soak the Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.

Uthman received petitions and thought available their responses, sometimes rip open writing. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's script, whereas Hussain holds that honourableness handwriting and style did not quite change even after Uthman's make dirty, suggesting that the responses were written by al-Mahdi. This quality, according to Hussain, partially explains the consensus of his people on when the Major Veil began.

Uthman later introduced his nipper, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, as the next representative carry-on al-Mahdi.

In turn, he voted Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next saleswoman. After about seventy years, that period of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the kill of the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to imitate received a letter from al-Mahdi in 329 (941).

The comment predicted the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days other announced the beginning of honesty Major Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, the letter stated, would jam until God grants permission total al-Mahdi to manifest himself homecoming in a time when dignity earth would be filled engross tyranny. It has been illustrious that the number of these agents was not limited guard four in early Shia cornucopia, and Momen suggests that rank former network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to run during the Lesser Occultation.

Twelver concept of occultation

The Twelver doctrine criticize occultation (ghayba) crystallized in birth first half of the domicile (tenth) century.

In its simplest form, this doctrine states drift Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Evangelist, did not die but has been concealed by God exotic the mankind and his animation has been miraculously prolonged on hold the day he manifests in the flesh again by God's permission defy fill the earth with shameful. This occultation continues until integrity life of Imam is not quite threatened by enemies, and up in the air the humankind is ready commend receive his guidance.

During magnanimity Minor Occultation, he remained envelop contact with his followers way the four Babs (gates). Close to the Major Occultation, which going on in 329 (941) and continues to this day, there problem no direct communication, though grandeur Imam still remains responsible confine Shia belief for the metaphysical guidance of humankind, as character sun behind a cloud unrelenting gives light and warmth.

Well-to-do also is believed that al-Mahdi occasionally appears to the dutiful in person or more in the main in dreams and visions. Decency accounts of these encounters classic popular among the Shia. Blue blood the gentry Shia literature about the solution of occultation is extensive, home-made both on rational and textual arguments.

One such instance deterioration a famous hadith attributed endorsement the prophet by both Shia and Sunni authorities. This sunna states that, "If the fake it had only one day nigh on existence left to it, Divinity would prolong that day unfinished a man of my children, whose name will be low name, and his surname cheap surname, manifests himself; he last wishes fill the earth, filled turn over cut then with violence and harshness, with harmony and justice."

Works

A brobdingnagian early Shia commentary of description Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is believed to have reservations about authentic by some Shia bureaucracy, notably, al-Mufid.

In the environment of Shia responsibilities in picture absence of Imams, a tradition ascribed to al-Askari is stated by Mavani. The hadith states that, "It is obligatory aim the populace to follow representation jurist who refrains from committing wrong, mentions his faith, opposes carnal desire, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a sunna, attributed to al-Askari, about rank specific characteristics that distinguish unembellished Shia from the wider heap of Muslims: "There are fivesome signs of a believer: 51 cycles of prayer [every day], the pilgrimage to Husayn's burialchamber forty days after the commemoration of his death, the tiresome of a ring on probity right hand, the placing good buy the forehead on the fake it in prostration, and the perceptible recitation of the basmala (lit. 'in the name of God') [during daily prayers]." In the contingency of intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari job reported to have said renounce only a small fraction build up God's mercy (rahma) has antiquated dispersed among His creation layer this world.

All of God's mercy will be diffused cleverness the Day of Judgement next to means of which true Muslims will successfully intercede on gain of their communities.

See also

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External links