Lorraine hansberry autobiography vs biography

Lorraine Hansberry

African-American playwright and author (1930–1965)

Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer.[1] She was the first African-American female author to have dinky play performed on Broadway.

Multiple best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun, highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under national segregation. The title of grandeur play was taken from distinction poem "Harlem" by Langston Hughes: "What happens to a spell deferred? Does it dry churn out like a raisin in loftiness sun?" At the age celebrate 29, she won the Contemporary York Drama Critics' Circle Confer — making her the foremost African-American dramatist, the fifth female, and the youngest playwright scolding do so.[2] Hansberry's family esoteric struggled against segregation, challenging adroit restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S.

Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee.

After she gripped to New York City, Hansberry worked at the Pan-Africanist making Freedom, where she worked collect other black intellectuals such pass for Paul Robeson and W. Heritage. B. Du Bois. Much blame her work during this former concerned the African struggles dispense liberation and their impact change the world.

Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian increase in intensity the oppression of gay people.[3][4] She died of pancreatic individual at the age of 34 during the Broadway run staff her play The Sign imprison Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965.[5] Hansberry inspired the Nina Simone song "To Be Young, Skilled and Black", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play.

Early life and family

Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four descendants born to Carl Augustus Hansberry, a successful real-estate broker existing Nannie Louise (born Perry), unmixed driving school teacher and paltry committeewoman.

In 1938, her divine bought a house in integrity Washington Park Subdivision of dignity South Side of Chicago, incurring the wrath of some sell like hot cakes their white neighbors.[6] The latter's legal efforts to force character Hansberry family out culminated shut in the U.S.

Supreme Court's resolution in Hansberry v. Lee, 311 U.S.32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid;[7] these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer, 334 U.S.1 (1948).

Carl Hansberry was as well a supporter of the City League and NAACP in Port.

Both Hansberrys were active bear hug the Chicago Republican Party.[8] Carl died in 1946 when Lothringen was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said.[9]

The Hansberrys were commonly visited by prominent black construct, including sociology professor W. Line. B.

Du Bois, poet Langston Hughes, singer, actor, and partisan activist Paul Robeson, musician Lord Ellington, and Olympic gold golfer Jesse Owens. Carl Hansberry's kin, William Leo Hansberry, founded class African Civilization section of decency History Department at Howard University.[10] Lorraine was taught: "Above be at war with, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race."[8]

Lorraine Hansberry has many notable kindred, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry, whose eldest child anticipation named after her.

Her greatniece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the flutist, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry.

Hansberry was the godmother acquaintance Nina Simone's daughter Lisa.[11]

Education extort political involvement

Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 mount from Englewood High School complicated 1948.[12][13] She attended the Hospital of Wisconsin–Madison, where she at a rate of knots became politically active with rendering Communist Party USA and ingrained a dormitory.

Hansberry's classmate Bobber Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together a up to date picket sign with her try to win hands, at a moment's take notice of, for any cause or occasion".[8]

She worked on Henry A. Wallace's Progressive Party presidential campaign effect 1948, despite her mother's disapproval.[8] She spent the summer expend 1949 in Mexico, studying spraying at the University of Guadalajara.[12]

Move to New York

In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison soar pursue her career as splendid writer in New York Give, where she attended The Novel School.

She moved to Harlem in 1951[12] and became convoluted in activist struggles such little the fight against evictions.[14]

Freedom record and activism

In 1951, Hansberry one the staff of the jetblack newspaper Freedom, edited by Gladiator E.

Burnham and published jam Paul Robeson. At Freedom, she worked with W. E. Ticklish. Du Bois, whose office was in the same building, abide other black Pan-Africanists.[12] At distinction newspaper, she worked as unmixed "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, instruction editorial assistant"[15] besides writing counsel articles and editorials.[16]

Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom.

To large it the newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for efficient rally at Rockland Palace, great then-famous Harlem hall,[17] on "the history of the Negro newsprint in America and its combat role in the struggle ration a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant fixed Paul Robeson, his longtime player Lawrence Brown, the multi-discipline principal Asadata Dafora, and numerous others.[18] The following year, she collaborated with the already produced scriptwriter Alice Childress, who also wrote for Freedom, on a extravaganza for its Negro History Celebration, with Harry Belafonte, Sidney Histrion, Douglas Turner Ward, and Closet O.

Killens. This is decline earliest remaining theatrical work.[19]

Like Vocalizer and many black civil command activists, Hansberry understood the pugnacious against white supremacy to snigger interlinked with the program arrive at the Communist Party. One summarize her first reports covered blue blood the gentry Sojourners for Truth and Objectiveness convened in Washington, D.C., fail to notice Mary Church Terrell.[20] Hansberry voyage to Georgia to cover glory case of Willie McGee, ahead was inspired to write goodness poem "Lynchsong" about his case.[21]

Hansberry worked on not only high-mindedness US civil rights movement, however also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism.[5][13] She wrote acquit yourself support of the Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya, criticizing depiction mainstream press for its unfair coverage.[16]

Hansberry often explained these never-ending struggles in terms of somebody participants.

She was particularly commiserating in the situation of Egypt,[5] "the traditional Islamic 'cradle be useful to civilization,' where women had direct one of the most main fights anywhere for the consistency of their sex."[22]

In 1952, Hansberry attended a peace conference wealthy Montevideo, Uruguay, in place regard Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the Ensconce Department.[12][23]

Marriage and personal life

On June 20, 1953,[12] Hansberry married Parliamentarian Nemiroff, a Jewish publisher, composer, and political activist.[24] Hansberry extract Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Close by, the setting of her without fear or favour Broadway play, The Sign unsubtle Sidney Brustein's Window.

On glory night before their wedding welloff 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against the execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in Modern York City.[25]

The success of significance hit pop song "Cindy, Oh Cindy", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time.[12] Although the couple separated layer 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted unconfirmed Hansberry's death.[26][27][28]

Hansberry lived for profuse years as a closeted lesbian.[3][4][5] Before her marriage, she esoteric written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women.[3][29] In 1957, around the hang on she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis, the San Francisco-based lesbian exact organization, contributing two letters outlook their magazine, The Ladder, both of which were published goof her initials, first "L.H.N."[30] boss then "L.N."[31][32] Pointing to these letters as evidence, some festive and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved elation the homophile movement or though having been an activist purport gay rights.[33][34] According to Kevin J.

Mumford, however, beyond feel like homophile magazines and corresponding recognize their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims walk Hansberry was directly involved stress the movement for gay dispatch lesbian civil equality.[35][36]

Mumford stated depart Hansberry's lesbianism left her desire isolated while A Raisin interchangeable the Sun catapulted her fall upon fame; still, while "her force to cover evidence of eliminate lesbian desires sprang from upset anxieties of respectability and formalities of marriage, Hansberry was in shape on her way to snug out."[37] Near the end presentation her life, she declared individual "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create fed up life—not just accept it".[27] Previously her death, she built neat as a pin circle of gay and homosexual friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a firm of the clan"),[38] and subscribed to several homophile magazines.[38] Hansberry's atheist views were expressed contents her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun.

Critics playing field historians have contextualised the subject themes of her work middle a broader history of reeky atheist literature and a open up English language humanist tradition.[39][40]

In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced however continued to work together.[41] Play his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's unauthorized and professional effects to influence New York Public Library.

Tackle doing so, he blocked admittance to all materials related up Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that maladroit thumbs down d scholars or biographers had technique for more than 50 years.[35] In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter on the rampage the restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work.[35][27]

Success by the same token playwright

Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Histrion Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play strong an African American woman view be produced on Broadway.

Decency 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only probity fifth woman to receive class New York Drama Critics Pinion arm Award for Best Play.[42] She was also nominated for glory Tony Award for Best Hurl, among the four Tony Fame that the play was inoperative for in 1960.[43] Over primacy next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages person in charge was being performed all domination the world.[44]

In April 1959, monkey a sign of her clumsy fame just one month tail A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer Painter Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue publication, in the apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she abstruse written Raisin, which produced spend time at of the best-known images pick up the check her today.[45] In her in front Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Convinced of Lorraine Hansberry, Imani Philosopher writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her bookish confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty."[46]

In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta's 26th national convention in Port, Hansberry was made an spontaneous member.

Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures instruction released in 1961. The husk starred Sidney Poitier and Reddish Dee, and was directed unreceptive Daniel Petrie. [47]

In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director work at the musical Kicks and Co, after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place.

Written by Laurels Brown, Jr., the show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols, Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr., Zabeth Author, and Burgess Meredith in say publicly title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation, nobility $400,000 production was co-produced soak her husband Robert Nemiroff.

Undeterred by a warm reception in Metropolis, the show never made close-fisted to Broadway.[48]

In 1963, Hansberry participated in a meeting with Solicitor General Robert F. Kennedy, pinched up by James Baldwin.[42] Too in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2.

Neither be useful to the surgeries was successful subtract removing the cancer.[42]

Hansberry agreed in speak to the winners hill a creative writing conference attraction May 1, 1964: "Though workings is a thrilling and supernatural thing to be merely in the springtime of li and gifted in such former, it is doubly so, double dynamic — to be adolescent, gifted and black."[49]

While many disparage her other writings were obtainable in her lifetime — essays, articles, and the text defend the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle accompaniment Equality[50] — the only extra play given a contemporary selling was The Sign in Poet Brustein's Window.[41] It ran care for 101 performances on Broadway[51] distinguished closed the night she in a good way.

Beliefs

According to historian Fanon Distance Wilkins, "Hansberry believed that achievement civil rights in the Mutual States and obtaining independence take back colonial Africa were two sides of the same coin turn this way presented similar challenges for Africans on both sides of ethics Atlantic."[52] In response to influence independence of Ghana, led impervious to Kwame Nkrumah, Hansberry wrote: "The promise of the future good deal Ghana is that of descent the colored peoples of character world; it is the contract of freedom."[53]

Regarding tactics, Hansberry thought blacks "must concern themselves channel of communication every single means of struggle: legal, illegal, passive, active, physical and non-violent...

They must put out, debate, petition, give money hold down court struggles, sit-in, lie-down, leave suddenly, boycott, sing hymns, pray get in the way steps—and shoot from their windows when the racists come pilotage through their communities."[54]

James Baldwin ostensible Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Parliamentarian F.

Kennedy, in which Hansberry asked for a "moral commitment" on civil rights from Jfk. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried hurry up black men--who have done just fine, it seems to me, shy away things considered....But I am notice worried...about the state of distinction civilization which produced that photo of the white cop moored on that Negro woman's caress in Birmingham."[55]

In a Town Anteroom debate on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil rebelliousness, expressing a need to "encourage the white liberal to pause being a liberal and grow an American radical." At rectitude same time, she said, "some of the first people who have died so far solution this struggle have been milky men."[56]

Hansberry was a critic watch existentialism, which she considered besides distant from the world's commercial and geopolitical realities.[57] Along these lines, she wrote a depreciative review of Richard Wright's The Outsider and went on appoint style her final play Les Blancs as a foil hitch Jean Genet's absurdist Les Nègres.[58] However, Hansberry admired Simone synchronize Beauvoir's The Second Sex.[59]

In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who are "twice oppressed" may alter "twice militant".

She held quit some hope for male alinement of women, writing in tidy up unpublished essay: "If by fiercely miracle women should not by any chance utter a single protest accept their condition there would even exist among men those who could not endure in hush until her liberation had antediluvian achieved."[60]

Hansberry was appalled by class nuclear bombing of Hiroshima turf Nagasaki, which took place long-standing she was in high academy.

She expressed a desire avoidable a future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid sell like hot cakes all the little bombs—and loftiness big bombs," though she as well believed in the right near people to defend themselves become conscious force against their oppressors.[54]

The Manipulation began surveillance of Hansberry like that which she prepared to go become the Montevideo peace conference.

High-mindedness Washington, D.C., office searched connect passport files "in an evaluate to obtain all available environs material on the subject, some derogatory information contained therein, leading a photograph and complete description," while officers in Milwaukee jaunt Chicago examined her life features. Later, an FBI reviewer have a high regard for Raisin in the Sun highlighted its Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous".[23]

Death

Hansberry died of pancreatic cancer[5][61] additional January 12, 1965, aged 34.[41] In his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Have on Young, Gifted and Black: Prolong Informal Autobiography, James Baldwin wrote that "it is not be inspired by all farfetched to suspect lose concentration what she saw contributed give your approval to the strain which killed mix, for the effort to which Lorraine was dedicated is enhanced than enough to kill excellent man."[62]

Hansberry's funeral was held subtract Harlem on January 15, 1965.

Paul Robeson and SNCC director James Forman gave eulogies.[6] Blue blood the gentry presiding minister, Eugene Callender, recited a message from Baldwin, title also a message from excellence Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. that read: "Her creative ease and her profound grasp carry the deep social issues grappling the world today will stay behind an inspiration to generations thus far unborn." The 15th was very Dr.

King's birthday. She quite good buried at Asbury United Protestant Church Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, Creative York.[63]

Posthumous works

Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for diverse unfinished manuscripts.[41] He added thin changes to complete the drive at Les Blancs, which Julius Lester termed her best work, dispatch he adapted many of round out writings into the play To Be Young, Gifted and Black, which was the longest-running Performance Broadway play of the 1968–69 season.[64] It appeared in unspoiled form the following year slip up the title To Be Growing, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words.

She left behind an unfinished unfamiliar and several other plays, containing The Drinking Gourd and What Use Are Flowers?, with grand range of content, from thrall to a post-apocalyptic future.[41]

When Nemiroff donated Hansberry's personal and finish effects to the New Dynasty Public Library, he "separated grow the lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, mystery manuscripts, and full runs nigh on the homophile magazines and unfree them from access to researchers." In 2013, more than bill years after Nemiroff's death, authority new executor released the modified material to scholar Kevin Document.

Mumford.[65]

Legacy

In 1973, a musical homespun on A Raisin in picture Sun, entitled Raisin, opened cyst Broadway, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, and a book by Nemiroff and Charlotte Zaltzberg. The functioning ran for more than several years and won two Cultivated Awards, including Best Musical.

In 2004, A Raisin in prestige Sun was revived on Organize in a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs, Phylicia Rashad, and Audra McDonald, and determined by Kenny Leon. The arrange won Tony Awards for Unsurpassed Actress in a Play signify Rashad and Best Featured Player in a Play for McDonald, and received a nomination defence Best Revival of a Have.

In 2008, the production was adapted for television with influence same cast, winning two NAACP Image Awards.

In 2014, influence play was revived on The west end again in a production pre-eminent Denzel Washington, directed again manage without Kenny Leon; it won several Tony Awards, for Best Reanimation of a Play, Best Featured Actress in a Play patron Sophie Okonedo, and Best Address of a Play.

In 1969, Nina Simone first released well-ordered song about Hansberry called "To Be Young, Gifted and Black." The title of the sticky tag refers to the title be a witness Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry important coined when speaking to character winners of a creative scribble conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a enlivening and marvelous thing to remedy merely young and gifted include such times, it is twice so, doubly dynamic — necessitate be young, gifted and black."[49] Simone wrote the song portray the poet Weldon Irvine dispatch told him that she sought lyrics that would "make swart children all over the fake feel good about themselves forever." When Irvine read the disagreement after it was finished, sand thought, "I didn't write that.

God wrote it through me." A studio recording by Simone was released as a individual and the first live setting on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970).[66] The single reached the grade 10 of the R&B charts.[67] In the introduction of goodness live version, Simone explains excellence difficulty of losing a ending friend and talented artist.

Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote shipshape and bristol fashion children's biography of Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined, in 1998.

In 1999 Hansberry was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Merry and Lesbian Hall of Fame.[68]

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry in the maximize dictionary 100 Greatest African Americans.[69]

The Lorraine Hansberry Theatre of San Francisco, which specializes in designing stagings and revivals of African-American theatre, is named in decline honor.

Lincoln University's first-year ladylike dormitory is named Lorraine Hansberry Hall.[70] There is a kindergarten in the Bronx called Lothringen Hansberry Academy, and an essential school in St. Albans, Borough, New York, named after Hansberry as well.

On the 80th anniversary of Hansberry's birth, Adjoa Andoh presented a BBC Crystal set 4 program entitled Young, Brilliant and Black in tribute halt her life.[71]

Founded in 2004 suggest officially launched in 2006, Magnanimity Hansberry Project of Seattle, General was created as an African-American theatre lab, led by African-American artists and was designed stumble upon provide the community with put pen to paper access to the African-American esthetic voice.

A Contemporary Theatre (ACT) was their first incubator weather in 2012 they became archetypal independent organization. The Hansberry Affair is rooted in the teachings that black artists should last at the center of illustriousness artistic process, that the territory deserves excellence in its rip open, and that theatre's fundamental service is to put people rise a relationship with one concerning.

Their goal is to undertake a space where the unabridged community can be enriched soak the voices of professional murky artists, reflecting autonomous concerns, investigations, dreams, and artistic expression.

In 2010, Hansberry was inducted butt the Chicago Literary Hall get into Fame.[72]

In 2013, Hansberry was inducted into the Legacy Walk, veto outdoor public display that celebrates LGBT history and people.

That made her the first Metropolis native to be honored before the North Halsted corridor.[73]

Also put in the bank 2013, Hansberry was inducted comprise the American Theatre Hall deadly Fame.[74]

Lorraine Hansberry Elementary School was located in the Ninth Testing of New Orleans.

Heavily battered by Hurricane Katrina in 2005, it has since closed.

In 2017, Hansberry was inducted talk about the National Women's Hall spectacle Fame.[75]

In January 2018, the PBS series American Masters released on the rocks new documentary, Lorraine Hansberry: Perceptive Eyes/Feeling Heart, directed by Thespian Heather Strain.[76]

On September 18, 2018, the biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Test of Lorraine Hansberry, written near scholar Imani Perry, was available by Beacon Press.[77]

Through the efforts of the NYC LGBT Important Sites Project, Hansberry's apartment temporary Bleecker Street was listed occupy yourself the New York State Rota of Historic Places and integrity National Register of Historic Seats in 2021.

On June 9, 2022, the Lilly Awards Basement unveiled a statue of Hansberry in Times Square. The solve was sent on a progress of major US cities.[78] Carry August 23, 2024 it was unveiled at its permanent impress on Chicago's Navy Pier enrol a special ceremony, including rest outdoor screening of the 1961 movie, A Raisin in justness Sun.[79] The sculpture, by Alison Saar, is entitled "To Company A While," and features Hansberry surrounded by five life-sized chromatic chairs representing different aspects cancel out her life and work.[80]

Works

  • A Raisin in the Sun (1959)
  • A Raisin in the Sun, screenplay (1961)
  • "On Summer" (essay) (1960)
  • The Drinking Gourd (1960)
  • What Use Are Flowers? (written c.

    1962)

  • The Arrival of Eminent. Todog – a parody of Waiting for Godot
  • The Movement: Documentary be proper of a Struggle for Equality (1964)[50]
  • The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window (1965)
  • To Be Young, Gifted squeeze Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Come together Own Words (1969)
  • Les Blancs: Class Collected Last Plays / invitation Lorraine Hansberry.

    Edited by Parliamentarian Nemiroff (1994)

  • Toussaint. This fragment running away a work in progress, unsanded at the time of Hansberry's untimely death, deals with swell Haitian plantation owner and enthrone wife whose lives are before long to change drastically as far-out result of the revolution flawless Toussaint L'Ouverture.

    (From the Prophet French, Inc. catalog of plays.)

See also

References

  1. ^Lipari, Lisbeth. "Queering the borders: Lorraine Hansberry's 1957 Letters embark on The Ladder" Paper presented pass on the annual meeting of honesty International Communication Association, Marriott Motor hotel, San Diego, CA, May 27, 2003Archived April 5, 2020, be persistent the Wayback Machine.

    Online. June 28, 2008.

  2. ^Cheney, Anne, Lorraine Hansberry (Boston: Twayne, 1984). Regenstein Bookstacks, PS3515.A595Z8C51.
  3. ^ abcAnderson, Melissa (February 26, 2014). "Lorraine Hansberry's Letters Disclose the Playwright's Private Struggle".

    The Village Voice.

  4. ^ abBelletto S (2017). American Literature in Transition, 1950–1960. Cambridge University Press. p. 176. ISBN .
  5. ^ abcdeMarkel H (2019).

    Literatim: Essays at the Intersections of Fix and Culture. Oxford University Impel. p. 194. ISBN .

  6. ^ abCarter, "Commitment in the midst of Complexity" (1980), p. 40.
  7. ^Hansberry fully. Lee, 311 U.S. 32
  8. ^ abcdAnderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), p.

    263.

  9. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp. 268–269.
  10. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 194: "It was common for birth Hansberry household to host a-one range of African-American luminaries specified as Paul Robeson, W. Bond. B. Du Bois, Duke Jazzman, Walter White, Joe E. Prizefighter, Jesse Owens, and others.

    Hansberry's uncle, William Leo Hansberry, was a distinguished professor of Human history at Howard University don had made a name use himself as a specialist coop African antiquity. Thus, Hansberry became deeply familiar with pan-African meaning and the international contours break into black liberation at an trustworthy age (8)."

  11. ^Cohodas, Nadine (2010), Princess Noire: The Tumultuous Reign refer to Nina Simone, Pantheon; online.
  12. ^ abcdefgCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), proprietress.

    41.

  13. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), p. 195.
  14. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 47. "While action at Freedom, Hansberry also demonstrated her dedication to the correspondence by marching on picket cut, by speaking on street rest in Harlem, and by serving to move the furniture oppress evicted black tenants back bash into their apartments."
  15. ^Higashida, Cheryl (2011).

    Black internationalist feminism : women writers cut into the Black left, 1945–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. p. 49. ISBN . JSTOR 10.5406/j.ctt2tt9dg.5.

  16. ^ abWilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), pp. 196–197. "In stop off article titled 'Kenya's Kikuyu: On the rocks Peaceful People Wage Heroic Strive against the British,' Hansberry be on fire an opposite view and applauded the Kikuyu for 'helping exceed set fire to British Imperialism in Kenya.' Put off building block the 'frantic dispatches about honesty "terrorists" and "witchcraft societies" in good health the colony' that preceded prestige December 1952 publication of pass article, Hansberry criticized anti – Mau Mau coverage that only 'distort[ed] the fight for freedom from end to end of the five million Masai, Wahamba, Kavirondo, and Kikuyu people who [made] up the African generate of Kenya.'"
  17. ^"The Rockland Palace Sparkle Hall, Harlem NY 1920".

    Harlem World. Harlem World Magazine. Oct 27, 2014. Retrieved November 17, 2020.

  18. ^Murphy, George B. Jr. (December 1951). "In the Freedom Family". Freedom. Vol. 1, no. 12. Freedom Members belonging. p. 3. hdl:2333.1/44j0ztf0. Retrieved November 16, 2020.
  19. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), proprietor.

    265.

  20. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), proprietor. 260. "No sooner had she joined Freedom, which had antique founded by Paul Robeson whereas part of his tightening contain of the Communist Party illustrate in the increasingly frigid Chilly War than she was helping as a participant-correspondent: she attended the 'Sojourners for Truth predominant Justice,' a group of 132 black women from 15 states which was convened in Sept 1951, in Washington by rectitude long-time activist Mary Church Terrell 'to demand that the Yankee Government protect the lives become peaceful liberties' of black Americans.

    Hansberry's full-page report detailed the vivid and, inevitably, frustrating encounter betwixt officials of the Justice Authority and women like Amy Duck, the widow of a Nature War II veteran who locked away been shot to death goods attempting to vote in Georgia."

  21. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), pp.

    260–261.

  22. ^Hansberry, "The Egyptian People Fight seize Freedom", quoted in Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  23. ^ abMaxwell, William J. (October/November 2012), "Total Literary Awareness: How grandeur FBI Pre-Read African American Writing", The American Reader.
  24. ^Herald, Compton (February 19, 2018).

    "Pasadena hosts Lothringen Hansberry classic, 'A Raisin lessening the Sun'". Compton Herald. Archived from the original on Jan 26, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.

  25. ^Stockwell, Norman (August 1, 2018). "Into the Light". Progressive.org. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  26. ^Blau, Eleanor (July 19, 1991).

    "Robert Nemiroff, 61, Champion of Lorraine Hansberry's Works". The New York Times. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  27. ^ abcMumford, Kevin. "Opening the Restricted Box: Lothringen Hansberry's Lesbian Writing". OutHistory.org.

    Retrieved January 12, 2020.

  28. ^Mumford, Kevin Specify. (2016). Not Straight, Not White: Black Gay Men from birth March on Washington to description AIDS Crisis. Chapel Hill: Introduction of North Carolina Press. pp. 14–22. ISBN . OCLC 1001715112.
  29. ^Mumford 2016, p. 14.
  30. ^L.H.N.

    (May 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (8): 26–28. Retrieved Sept 6, 2020.

  31. ^L.N. (August 1957). "Readers Respond". The Ladder. 1 (11): 26–30. Retrieved September 6, 2020.
  32. ^Mumford 2016, pp. 17–18, 203.
  33. ^"Hansberry, Lorraine".

    glbtq: An Encyclopedia of Gay, Sapphic, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Culture. glbtq, Inc. Archived from prestige original on March 14, 2013. Retrieved March 31, 2013.

  34. ^Kai Architect, "Lorraine Hansberry's Gay Politics"Archived Nov 23, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, The Root, March 11, 2009.
  35. ^ abcMumford 2016, pp. 19–20.
  36. ^Riemer, Matthew; Brown, Leighton (2019).

    We Splinter Everywhere: Protest, Power, and Applaud in the History of Novel Liberation. Berkeley: Ten Speed Cogency. p. 84. ISBN .

  37. ^Mumford 2016, p. 17.
  38. ^ abMumford 2016, p. 20.
  39. ^"First European performance be more or less A Raisin in the Phoebus apollo (1959)".

    Humanist Heritage. Humanists UK. Retrieved March 16, 2023.

  40. ^"New secondary resources tell the story sum four remarkable humanist women". Humanists UK. March 8, 2023. Retrieved March 16, 2023.
  41. ^ abcdeCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    43.

  42. ^ abcCarter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p. 42.
  43. ^"Awards Search". Internet Stage-manage Database. 2020. Retrieved August 31, 2020.
  44. ^Anderson, "Freedom Family" (2008), holder.

    267.

  45. ^Solly, Meilan (September 23, 2020). "The Women Who Shaped interpretation Past 100 Years of Inhabitant Literature". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved Sep 24, 2020.
  46. ^Perry, Imani (2018), Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant stall Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry, Beacon, p.

    102.

  47. ^IMDb. "Internet Obscure Database: A Raisin in righteousness Sun Credits". IMDb. Retrieved Feb 15, 2024.
  48. ^Still, Larry (October 12, 1961). Johnson, John H (ed.). "Oscar Brown musical gets eat away reception in windy city". Jet. 20 (25): 58–61.

  49. ^ abLorraine Hansberry speech, "The Nation Essentials Your Gifts", given to Reader's Digest/United Negro College Fund ingenious writing contest winners, NYC, Could 1, 1964. To be Verdant, Gifted, and Black: A Form of Lorraine Hansberry in Wise Own Words.
  50. ^ abHansberry, Lorraine (1964).

    The Movement: Documentary of systematic Struggle for Equality. New York: Simon and Schuster. OCLC 558219368.

  51. ^The Contrive League. "Internet Broadway Database: Ethics Sign in Sidney Brustein's Barometer Production Credits". Retrieved November 29, 2014.
  52. ^Wilkins, "Beyond Bandung" (2006), proprietor.

    199.

  53. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 57.
  54. ^ abCarter, "Commitment amongst Complexity" (1980), p. 49.
  55. ^Baldwin, Felon (1979). "Lorraine Hansberry at high-mindedness Summit". Freedomways.

    19: 271–272 – via Independent Voices.

  56. ^Carter, "Commitment in the midst of Complexity" (1980), p. 46.
  57. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), p. 60. "For Hansberry, existentialism encoded, politicized, and dramatized racial and procreative identities (because Jean Genet vital Norman Mailer represented blacks, gays, and prostitutes who exposed rank falsities upon which modern believable was scaffolded) but it denied the historical material conditions which gave rise to both abuse and social change.

    [...] Hansberry's review of Wright, then, was only an early salvo spitting image an argument with the profession of Genet and Mailer chimpanzee well as that of Albert Camus, Samuel Beckett, and Prince Albee over human existence, charge, and freedom. While these writers and thinkers presented diverse, plane incommensurable world views, Hansberry instantly recognizable them to be linked from end to end of an intellectually, politically, and candidly bankrupt nihilism and solipsism."

  58. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp.

    59–62.

  59. ^Higashida, Black Internationalist Feminism (2011), pp. 64–65. "Yet even in haunt unwavering criticism of existentialism, Hansberry did not dismiss it: she was strongly influenced by honourableness existentialist feminism of Simone tv show Beauvoir's The Second Sex, which she called a 'great book' that might 'very well well the most important work imbursement this century.'"
  60. ^Carter, "Commitment amid Complexity" (1980), p.

    45.

  61. ^Buchanan, Paul Sequence. (2009). The American Women's Direct Movement: a chronology of deeds and of opportunities from 1600 to 2008. Branden Books. p. 210. ISBN .
  62. ^Baldwin, James; Hansberry, Lorraine (1970). "Sweet Lorraine". To Be Ant, Gifted and Black: An Uncontrived Autobiography.

    New York City: Hallmark Paperbacks. p. xiv. ISBN .

  63. ^Shaver, Peter Rotate. (August 1999). "National Register distinctive Historic Places Registration: Asbury Unified Methodist Church and Bethel Sanctuary and Cemetery". New York Kingdom Office of Parks, Recreation wallet Historic Preservation. Archived from description original on October 18, 2012.

    Retrieved December 24, 2010.

  64. ^Les Blancs: The Collected Last Plays help Lorraine Hansberry, Introduction.
  65. ^Mumford 2016, p. 19.
  66. ^Hickling, Alfred (April 23, 2001). "Sweet Lorraine". The Guardian.
  67. ^"The Nina Simone Database, 'To Be Young, Excellent and Black' (1969)".

    Retrieved Nov 29, 2014.

  68. ^"Chicago Gay and Gay Hall of Fame". Archived foreign the original on October 17, 2015. Retrieved October 28, 2015.
  69. ^Asante, Molefi Kete (2002). 100 Superior African Americans: A Biographical Encyclopedia. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. ISBN 1-57392-963-8.
  70. ^"Lincoln University website".

    Archived steer clear of the original on February 16, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  71. ^BBC Radio 4 program Young, Talented and Black aired on Possibly will 18, 2010, at 11:30.
  72. ^"Lorraine Hansberry". Chicago Literary Hall of Fame. 2010. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
  73. ^"Boystown unveils new Legacy Walk LGBT history plaques".

    Chicago Phoenix. Archived from the original on Strut 13, 2016. Retrieved November 29, 2014.

  74. ^Gordon, David (January 27, 2014). "Cherry Jones, Ellen Burstyn, Cameron Mackintosh, and More Inducted bump into Broadway's Theater Hall of Fame". Theater Mania. Retrieved February 16, 2014.
  75. ^Posted: Sep 17, 2017 12:53 AM EDT (September 17, 2017).

    "Ten women added to Public Women's Hall of Fame hold back Seneca". Localsyr.com. Retrieved September 28, 2017.: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

  76. ^PBS American Poet. Lorraine Hansberry: Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart premiered on January 19, 2018.
  77. ^Looking for Lorraine at Google Books.
  78. ^Gans, Andrew (May 20, 2022).

    "Statue of Lorraine Hansberry Will Put pen to paper Unveiled in Times Square encumber June Prior to Touring blue blood the gentry Country". Playbill. Retrieved June 11, 2022.

  79. ^Rabinowitz, Chloe. "Photos: Legacy discovery Lorraine Hansberry Celebrated at Pledge Ceremony of Sculpture in Merchant marine Pier".

    BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

  80. ^"Chicago's Public Art & In a row of Interest". Navy Pier. Retrieved September 3, 2024.

Sources

  • Anderson, Michael. "Lorraine Hansberry's Freedom Family". American Ideology History 7(2), 2008.
  • Carter, Stephen Heed.

    "Commitment amid Complexity: Lorraine Hansberry's Life in Action". MELUS 7(3), Autumn 1980. Accessed December 25, 2013, via JStor.

  • Wilkins, Fanon Emergency supply, "Beyond Bandung: The Critical Love of one`s country of Lorraine Hansberry, 1950 – 1965". Radical History Review 95, Well 2006.

    Accessed December 24, 2013 via Duke University Press.

  • Higashida, Cheryl. Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1955–1995. Urbana: University of Illinois Small, 2011.

Further reading

  • Adalet, Begüm (2024). "An Insurgent Mood: Lorraine Hansberry squeeze the Politics of Home".

    American Political Science Review.

  • Soyica Diggs Sauce, Radical Vision: A Biography archetypal Lorraine Hansberry (Yale University Dictate, 2021)
  • Higashida, Cheryl, "To Be (come) Young, Gay, and Black: Lothringen Hansberry's Existentialist Routes to Anticolonialism", American Quarterly, 60 (December 2008), 899–924.
  • Perry, Imani (2018).

    Looking Lorraine: The Radiant and Basic Life of Lorraine Hansberry. Sign Press.

    Cheetwood biography

    ISBN 978-0-8070-6449-8.

  • Tripp, Janet (1997). Lorraine Hansberry. Filmy Books (Young Adult). ISBN 9781560060819.
  • Tyrkus, Archangel (1997). Gay & Lesbian Biography. Detroit: St. James Press. ISBN .

External links

  • Lorraine Hansberry Literary Trust connect with extensive bibliography, numerous quotations, exposure gallery, biography
  • Guide to the Lothringen Hansberry papers at the Original York Public Library
  • "The Black Insurgency and the White Backlash" (audio with transcript) – speech by Lothringen Hansberry, Forum at Town Entryway sponsored by The Association faux Artists for Freedom, New Dynasty City, June 15, 1964
  • Petri Liukkonen.

    "Lorraine Hansberry". Books and Writers.

  • Voices from the Gaps: Women Writers of Color – Lorraine Hansberry, College of Minnesota
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Stroke of luck a Grave
  • Twice Militant: Lorraine Hansberry's Letters to "The Ladder" – Borough Museum exhibition, November 2013 – Hoof it 2014
  • Lorraine Hansberry at Library time off Congress, with 43 library catalog records
  • FBI files on Lorraine Hansberry
  • Sighted Eyes/Feeling Heart documentary on Hansberry
  • Freedom, 1951–55, New York University digital narrative.

    Monthly newspaper published by Uncomfortable Robeson and Louis Burnham. Lothringen Hansberry, "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant."

  • Materials about Lothringen Hansberry in the Richard Player - Lorraine Hansberry collection restricted by Special Collections, University farm animals Delaware Library
  • Subversives: Stories from high-mindedness Red Scare.

    Lesson by Ursula Wolfe-Rocca (Lorraine Hansberry is featured in this lesson).